New Deal Art: "Four-Mast Bark"

Above: "Four-Mast Bark," an oil painting by Cedric W. Windas (1888-1966), created while he participated in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934. The Los Angeles Maritime Museum has a Cedric Wilford Windas Collection. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Marriner Eccles on unemployment

(Marriner Eccles, 1937. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

 

Marriner Eccles, chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1934 to 1948, spoke to Congress in 1933 on the problem of unemployment:

 

"It is a national disgrace that such suffering should be permitted in this, the wealthiest country in the world.  The present condition is not the fault of the unemployed, but that of our business, financial, and political leadership. It is incomprehensible that the people of this country should very much longer stupidly continue to suffer the wastes, the breadlines, the suicides, and the despair, and be forced to die, steal, or accept a miserable pittance in the form of charity which they resent, and properly resent." 

Unfortunately, we didn't get many statements like this from our government leaders during the most recent recession. New Deal leadership was often bold and frank. Modern leadership, by contrast, is often lethargic, restrained, and ambiguous. Perhaps the latter is inevitable, in a plutocracy.

New Deal Art: "December Trees"

Above: "December Trees," a lithograph by Grant Arnold (1904-1988), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1935. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Winter Afternoon"

Above: "Winter Afternoon," an oil painting by Georgina Klitgaard (1893-1976), created while she participated in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934. The D. Wigmore Fine Art Gallery has an interesting biography of Klitgaard here. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Mid-Hudson Bridge, Winter"

Above: "Mid-Hudson Bridge, Winter," an oil painting by Cecil Chichester (1891-1963), created while he participated in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: A farm in winter

Above: This oil painting was created by Henry Carter Johnson (1908-1996), while he was in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1939. According to the Henry Ford Museum, Johnson went on to serve in World War II and then became a well-known photographer and glass artist in Michigan. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: A winter landscape

Above: This oil painting, depicting a winter landscape, was created by Martha Levy while she was in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, ca. 1933-1934. It seems like an appropriate painting for today, the first day of winter. Not much is known about Levy, but according to the website AskArt.com, "Like many artists in the 1930's, Levy fell on hard times." So, like it did for many other artists, the Public Works of Art Project helped Levy maintain her career. The Slate Valley Museum in Granville, New York has a mural she painted while in the WPA's Federal Art Project: "Men Working in Slate Quarry," and states: "Research about Martha Levy and the mural will be ongoing projects at the museum." Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Christodora House"

Above: "Christodora House," an oil painting by M. A. Tricca (1880-1969), created while the artist participated in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934. Christodora House was a settlement community in New York City that provided shelter, education, and social services to people in need (e.g., low-income immigrants). The 1928 building still stands today and, according to its Wikipedia page, has had a colorful history since its noble origins. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Realization"

Above: "Realization," an oil painting by Joseph Vavak (1891-1969), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1938. I don't know what Vavak's motivation was, but this painting makes me think of the millions of Americans for whom the "American Dream" will never come true: The college graduate mired in debt and making pathetic wages at a job outside of his/her chosen field; the homeless person labeled as worthless; the unemployed person considering suicide and criticized by society as "lazy"; the parent working two jobs but still unable to take a vacation and still unable to provide a good life for his/her child; and so on. The person in the painting above seems to have "realized" something like this. Of course, it could also be something like the loss of a loved one, or abandonment. Or, perhaps Vavak intended his painting to be open to multiple interpretations.

 

On a more positive note, let us hope that some future generation of Americans will embrace President Roosevelt's Second Bill of Rights, so that such despair will be less widespread. Roosevelt told the American people:

 

"We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. 'Necessitous men are not free men.' People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made. In our day these economic truths have become accepted as self-evident. We have accepted, so to speak, a second Bill of Rights under which a new basis of security and prosperity can be established for all regardless of station, race, or creed. Among these are: 

 

The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the Nation; 

 

The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation; 

 

The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living; 

 

The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad; 

 

The right of every family to a decent home; 

 

The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health; 

 

The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment;

 

The right to a good education. 

 

All of these rights spell security. And after this war is won we must be prepared to move forward, in the implementation of these rights, to new goals of human happiness and well-being."   

 

 (Image above courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.)

New Deal Art: "Black River Country"

Above: Looking like a scene from one of the The Lord of the Rings movies, "Black River Country" is a wood engraving by Fred Becker (1913-2004), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, ca. 1937-1938. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

James McEntee on the need for a permanent Civilian Conservation Corps

(James McEntee, right, after being sworn-in as the new director of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), March 7, 1940. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

James McEntee was the second and final director of the CCC (the first director, Robert Fechner, died at the end of the 1939). McEntee, "who did a remarkable job as director" (see the reference at end of this blog post), advocated for the CCC to be a permanent organization:

"This conservation program is not 'made work.' The work the CCC boys are doing is of great importance to the nation. Much of it is so extremely important that it should be done during boom times as well as bad. The

contribution which the Civilian Conservation Corps is making to the nation in the way of improving the health

and national defense usefulness of young men during the current international crisis is just as important or even more so than the Civilian Conservation Corps' work and training activities. The size of the Corps should depend upon national need. If private industry were to start running full blast and offer to employ and pay high wages to every unemployed, able-bodied person, the CCC might be reduced somewhat, but it should not be abolished. We should continue to carry forward much of the work and the training that the CCC is doing under any and all circumstances. The Corps should be permanent, varying in size with the needs of the times." (James McEntee, Now They Are Men: The Story of the CCC, 1940, p. 68)

McEntee also highlighted the character-building aspect of the Civilian Conservation Corps:

"More than two and a half million boys have been enrolled in the Corps. Two and a half million girls will get better husbands because of the CCC training that these youths have received. As men, they will be better

workers, better neighbors and better citizens. Already more than two million of them have had their baptism of real work and training in the CCC. Now they are men!" (McEntee, p. 69)

In many parts of America today, we have great numbers of youth who have no jobs and no hope. But we do have a prison-industrial complex waiting for them if they slip up - in fact, it's the largest prison-industrial complex in the world (yes, existing in the supposed "land of the free"). We have no CCC for our youth, only sarcastic remarks for them to get a job at McDonalds or Walmart. You see, it takes some energy, thought, and concern to create a CCC, but it takes none of those things to utter a few words, snicker, and go about one's day in an attitude of superiority. (See, "McDonald's Job Applications Dumped On 'Occupy' Protesters By Chicago Board Of Trade," Huffington Post, November 5, 2011, and "It’s Harder to Get a Job at Walmart Than It Is to Get Into Harvard," Time, March 31, 2014.)

People like James McEntee certainly had energy, thought, and concern. Unfortunately, too many people today only have lethargy, sour comments, and the fanatical belief that the "market always knows best!" And so, America's youth sits on the sidelines and watches the "American Dream" slip away - while Corporate America and the supposed "Job Creators" put their profits & fortunes in tax-evading foreign bank accounts.

(Here's some money that could have been used to create a new CCC - a CCC that could have hired millions of young Americans to address the multi-billion dollar maintenance backlogs that exist in our state & national parks. Image courtesy of Demos.org)

 

***The "remarkable job" quote near beginning of this post comes from Perry H. Merrill, Roosevelt's Forest Army: A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1943, 1981, p. 6***

New Deal Art: A Selection of Animals

Above: An oil painting by Winthrop Duthie Turney (1885-1964), created while he participated in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934. According to an exhibit label, "The artist hoped that this painting of animals grouped around a lavender-tinted tree would become a large mural to adorn a school. The mural would show urban schoolchildren American animals from a variety of environments." Even after 80 years, it seems to me that Turney's painting would still be a great teaching tool for very young children, or a cheery piece of art to brighten a child's room. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Smithsonian Institution Building"

Above: "Smithsonian Institution Building," an oil painting by Charles Hoover (1897-1969), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, ca. 1935-1943. During the New Deal, WPA workers helped the Smithsonian organize and preserve its historic artifacts, and also helped maintain the grounds. Judging by this painting, it seems they did a good job. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Mrs. Simmons"

Above: "Mrs. Simmons," a water color and pencil on paper, by Samuel Joseph Brown (1907-1994), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, ca. 1936. An obituary for Brown states that his art, "issued powerful statements of the African-American experience and were included in collections from the White House to the museums of major American cities..." The article further notes that Brown was once visited by Eleanor Roosevelt, and that he developed into a more highly skilled artist while in New Deal art programs. After the Great Depression, Brown went on to teach art in the Philadelphia school system for over 30 years ("Samuel J. Brown, Jr.; An Artist and Teacher," Daily News, philly.com, October 26, 1994). Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 10: The Accomplishments of Unemployed Americans

Above: WPA administrator Harry Hopkins delivers a speech at the Louisiana State University (LSU) football stadium, on November 28, 1936, after WPA workers doubled the facility's seating capacity, and also built dormitories for 1,000 students under the new grandstand sections. Photo courtesy of of the FDR Presidential Library and Museum.

Above: The LSU band forms the letters "WPA," in honor of the formerly-unemployed workers who expanded their stadium. When was the last time you heard a public official praise the unemployed, or a community thank the unemployed, at a football game? It was a different world back then. Today, thanks to right-wing politicians & pundits, the unemployed are more likely to be treated with apathy and scorn. Note the WPA work sign, at the bottom right of the photo. Photo courtesy of the FDR Presidential Library and Museum and the New Deal Network.

 

During the Great Depression, New Deal policymakers decided that it would be better to give job opportunities to the unemployed, instead of insults. The exact opposite is true today, of course, where right-wing politicians, pundits, and Internet commenters make constant insinuations of laziness about the unemployed (see, e.g., here, here, and here), want to drug test them (see, e.g., here and here), routinely call them names like "moochers," and even question their right to be called Americans.

 

When Harry Hopkins made his speech at the LSU football stadium in 1936 (see photos above), he highlighted how opportunities-instead-of-insults had turned out to be the better approach:

 

"The things they have actually accomplished all over America should be an inspiration to every reasonable person and an everlasting answer to all the grievous insults that have been heaped on the heads of the unemployed" (Nick Taylor, American-Made, 2008, p. 235 of 2009 paperback edition, citing two New Orleans newspapers).

 

70 years later, author Nick Taylor elaborated on Hopkins's sentiment:

 

"Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins believed that people given a job to do would do it well, and the fact that their paychecks were issued by the government would make not a whit of difference. They were right. The workers of the WPA shone. They excelled. They created works that even without restoration have lasted more than seventy years and still stand strong, art that is admired, research that is relied upon, infrastructure that endures... These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation. They were golden threads woven into the national fabric. In this, they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them, thus fulfilling the founding vision of a government by and for its people. All its people." (American-Made, p. 530 of 2009 paperback edition).

Even limited-government icon Ronald Reagan agreed with Hopkins' assessment. In his 1990 autobiography, the former president wrote:

"The WPA was one of the most productive elements of FDR's alphabet soup of agencies because it put people to work building roads, bridges, and other projects... it gave men and women a chance to make some money along with the satisfaction of knowing they earned it" (Ronald Reagan: An American Life, 1990, p. 69 of 2011 paperback edition).

Today, of course, ignorance, apathy, and cruelty rule the land. Thus, we'll probably never see another WPA again; its amazing success and the wide-scale, continued use of its projects notwithstanding. 

 

What a shame that we don't heed the recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins.

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 9: Two Hundred Thousand CWA Projects

(A CWA construction project in Wicomico County, Maryland, ca. 1933-1934. Photo courtesy of the University of Maryland College Park Archives.)

New Deal administrator Harry Hopkins (FERA, CWA, WPA) wrote the following in his book Spending to Save:

 

"Long after the workers of CWA are dead and gone and these hard times forgotten, their effort will be remembered by permanent useful works in every county of every state. People will ride over bridges they made, travel on their highways, attend schools they built, navigate waterways they improved, do their public business in courthouses and state capitols which workers from CWA rescued from disrepair. Constantly expanded and diversified to offer use for the special skills and training of different types of workers, the CWA program finally extended its scope to almost every kind of community activity. We had two hundred thousand CWA projects." (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1936, p. 120)

 

Hopkins was correct to highlight the value of CWA projects, but he was mistaken that people would remember.

 

Today, many Americans are unaware of the CWA's two-hundred thousand work projects, and are also unaware of the hundreds of thousands of other work projects completed by the WPA, CCC, PWA, NYA, and FERA. Many other Americans simply don't care. This, despite the fact that we still use many thousands of New Deal projects today, over three-quarters of a century later (and well past their intended lifespan). And this is one of the primary reasons why so many people are ignoring our crumbling infrastructure (which kills thousands of our fellow citizens every year) and are more interested in devoting more and more money (most of it borrowed) to middle-eastern affairs. (See, "Iraq War To Remain A Significant U.S. Debt-Driver For Years To Come," Huffington Post, March 19, 2013)

 

Voters, unaware or uninterested in the possible, settle for what they've become accustomed to - which is, perpetual & consequence-free war (there are consequences for the combatants of course, but the larger public is protected from a draft, protected from the bullets & bombs (for the most part, anyway), and "protected" from higher taxes on their holy "JOB CREATORS"). Of course, there are other reasons why there is more public interest in the middle-east than our own infrastructure - for example, fear & anger sells much better than road repairs.

In any event, Harry Hopkins and his fellow New Deal policymakers understood something that many of us do not understand today: Infrastructure is extremely important for a healthy economy and culture.

See, "Iraq Reconstruction Cost U.S. $60 Billion, Left Behind Corruption And Waste," Huffington Post, March 6, 2013, and then see, "Senate GOP blocks $60 Billion Obama infrastructure plan [for America]," USA Today, November 3, 2011.)

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 8: Responding to criticism of federal projects

Above: WPA workers planting oysters in the Chesapeake Bay, off Crisfield, Maryland, in 1936. WPA workers planted over 8.2 million bushels of oysters in various parts of the country. Some people--for example people who don't eat oysters and are oblivious to their environmental benefits--might say, "Why the heck should my tax dollars go towards planting oysters?!?" Wasteful spending!!" Photo courtesy of the University of Maryland College Park Archives.

During the Great Depression, New Deal work projects were frequently criticized as unnecessary, inefficient, and just make-work for a bunch of shovel-leaning good-for-nothings. But WPA administrator Harry Hopkins made an interesting observation about these criticisms:

"There is a curious thing about these operations which have been dotting the landscape of the United States for the past three years. Although they are attacked constantly in newspapers, people who visit them report that workers, public officials and citizens alike exhibit strong pride in them. Derision is reserved for projects elsewhere that they have never seen." (Harry Hopkins, Spending to Save, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1936, p. 169.)

 

We can see a similar phenomenon today, for example, when a person complains about federal assistance for a particular state (a state they don't live in, of course), calling it "pork," or when a person receiving one type of government benefit (e.g., a mortgage interest tax deduction on a second home, or preferential tax treatment for being wealthy) points his/her finger at someone else receiving a benefit (e.g., food assistance) and calls them a "taker." With respect to the latter, Congressman Paul Ryan (R-WI) may be the poster child. Despite prospering from federal government contracts, and despite collecting Social Security after his father died, and despite spending a lifetime receiving government paychecks, and despite demanding family time on the taxpayer dime, Ryan calls others who receive government benefits "takers."

All of the above--the criticism of federal work projects in other states & towns, Hopkin's observations, and Paul Ryan-style hypocrisy--indicates a very selfish culture. It seems that many people have the belief that anything for "me, me, me" is fine, but anything for "the other" is a waste of taxpayer dollars. And this belief, which appears to be very widespread, makes for a very rude and demented society.

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 7: Employment Assurance

(WPA administrator Harry Hopkins, left, and PWA administrator Harold Ickes, 1935. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

 

Harry Hopkins understood something that many of his New Deal colleagues did not - and something that even many of today's liberals and progressives do not: The United States needs a policy of employment assurance (essentially, a permanent WPA-type program), so that when a person's unemployment benefits run out he or she is not thrown to the whims of the "job creators" or the vagaries of charity. As a member of the Council on Economic Security, Hopkins advocated for Social Security to include employment assurance. And, in 1936, in promotion of a permanent public jobs program, he wrote: 

 

"Until the time comes, if it ever does, when industry and business can absorb all able-bodied workers--and that time seems to grow more distant with improvements in management and technology--we shall have with us large numbers of unemployed...What is the outlook for these unemployed? First, workers must have unemployment insurance [not to be confused with "employment assurance"]. This is part of any social security program. An insurance benefit, however, will not tide a man through an indefinite period of unemployment. Nor will it take care of the annual net increase of over 400,000 workers who come of age each year, and the other young who have never had jobs" (Harry Hopkins, Spending to Save, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1936, pp. 180-182, emphasis added). 

 

Employment assurance did not make it into the final Social Security Act, of course, leaving us to imagine how life would be different today if it had. Perhaps employment assurance would mean, to those of us not born into wealth, that we would be less likely to face bankruptcy, dropping credit scores, harassing telephone calls from abusive debt collectors, employment discrimination, hope-crushing poverty, and homelessness, when we lose our jobs during economic downturns - downturns which are frequently caused (or worsened) by corporate greed, corruption, and crime.

 

The employment assurance idea did not come to fruition, it seems, for a variety of reasons, including: Conservative opposition to the cost of such assurance; resistance from the business and banking community - as well as their marionettes, e.g., the Liberty League; President Roosevelt's refusal to persistently fight for it; and the persuasion by Daniel W. Bell, the executive branch's budget director, to exclude it. (For a fascinating discussion about the attempt to include employment assurance in the Social Security Act, see June Hopkins, Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, pp. 178-200.) 

 

Professor of Law Philip Harvey (Rutgers University) has suggested that a direct job-creation program (along the lines of a permanent WPA) is superior to Keynesian-style indirect job-creation strategies, e.g., President Obama's $787 billion stimulus package in 2009, because, among other reasons, it is faster and less expensive per job. But Harvey highlights an unfortunate reality:

 

"Sadly, the employment-assurance leg of the [Council on Economic Security's] overall strategy for securing everyone's right to an adequate income has languished, with progressives failing to even understand what their predecessors abandoned as a result of their pursuit of the seemingly easier path to full employment promised (but only rarely delivered) by the Keynesian strategy. The advantages of the direct job-creation strategy are so clear and so great that the attachment progressives continue to show to the latter seems almost perverse. It is long past time for progressives to shed their Keyensian bias and start learning from the New Deal" ("The New Deal's Direct Job-Creation Strategy: Providing Employment Assurance for American Workers," in Sheila D. Collins and Gertrude Schaffner Goldberg, eds., When Government Helped: Learning from the Successes and Failures of the New Deal, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 173). Note: Harvey points out that direct job-creation is a stimulus program in its own right, but different from the stimulus programs preferred today, i.e., Keynesian-style indirect job-creation).

 

What all of the above indicates to me, is that Harry Hopkins was light years ahead of his time. If you don't agree, consider this: Hopkins facilitated the employment of millions of jobless Americans through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (1933-1935), the Civil Works Administration (1933-1934), and the Works Progress Administration (1935-1938). And, in doing so, he helped modernize American infrastructure on a scale not seen before or since. In light of these outcomes, he pushed for permanency. Now, compare that to today, where we have just gotten over a monstrous unemployment problem; long-term unemployment is still a problem; high unemployment rates plague African Americans, American Indians, and young Americans; the labor force participation rate is historically low; and our infrastructure is falling apart. Indeed, Hopkins was not only light years ahead of his time, he was light years ahead of our time as well.

In 1934, historian Charles Beard wrote of Hopkins and the Great Depression: "Hopkins has taken a realistic view of the appalling situation, has cast off all trivial cliches about the poor, and has acted with skill and promptness. With much justification, Mr. Hopkins may be called the most enlightened and realistic statesman in the whole administration at Washington, not excluding the President himself" (see June Hopkins reference above, p. 206). And when Hopkins died in 1946, Winston Churchill praised his passion for helping the downtrodden and wrote: "We shall not see his like again" (New York Times, January 30, 1946).

Judging by the anemic, neoliberal, and indifferent policies that occurred during the most recent recession, it seems Churchill's observation is, unfortunately, very true.

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 6: Spitting in the faces of the carnival-barking Thought Police

(Head of the WPA, Harry Hopkins, 1936. Photo courtesy of the National Archives and the New Deal Network.)

According to George Washington University, "The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties. Reorganized from its previous incarnations as the Fish Committee and the McCormack-Dickstein Committee and with a new chairman, the cantankerous Martin Dies of Texas, HUAC's strident attacks on the Roosevelt administration prior to the outbreak of the war did not suit the political mood of a nation that was largely in favor of FDR's leadership."

The Dies Committee, as it came to be called, was similar to other congressional actions that seek to ferret out "un-American" activities. It was, at its heart, patriotic grandstanding - an effort to tell the American people, "Hey, we're the real Americans here, and we're going to expose those who aren't patriots like us!" It was an effort to obtain power and votes, and an effort to prop oneself up as a sort of Super-Patriot. Further, it was an arrogant assumption of authority as to what was "American" and what was not - a type of Thought Police. By 1959, the HUAC had become so out-of-control, and so much of a witch hunt for so-called "subversives," that former president Harry Truman called it "the most un-American thing in the country today" (Jonathan Auerbach, Dark Borders: Film Noir and American Citizenship, Duke University Press, 2011, p. 4).

In 1938, upset with the racial integration they saw in the WPA's Federal Theatre Project, and fearful that it was spreading communism across the land, the Dies Committee began investigating it - sniffing around for anything they deemed "un-American." When WPA administrators began preparing for the investigations and testimony, Harry Hopkins said, perhaps only half-figuratively, that they could "go up and spit in the faces of the Dies Committee" (Nick Taylor, American-Made, Bantam Books, 2008, p. 423 of the 2009 paperback edition).

It seems that Hopkins had no patience for the political grandstanding of the carnival-barking Thought Police.

(During this time period, U.S. Senator Robert Reynolds (D-NC) summed up the feelings of many conservative members of Congress who were opposed to the WPA's Federal Theatre Project: "Through such material the cardinal keystone of communism--free love and racial equality--is being spread at the expense of the god-fearing, home-loving American taxpayer" (Susan Quinn, Furious Improvisation, New York: Walker & Company, 2008, p. 279).

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 5: People need jobs, not therapy

(WPA administrator Harry Hopkins, left, shows work relief needs to two congressmen in charge of appropriations, 1938. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

During the Great Depression, many Americans traveled the countryside, jobless and penniless, looking for any work that they could find. They were, for all intents and purposes, homeless. Harry Hopkins, and other New Deal policymakers, set up work camps for any of them who wanted to participate in available federal  projects (for example, a beach erosion control project in North Carolina). At the camps, they could receive shelter, a job, and a modest paycheck. In 1936, Hopkins made the following observation:

"Originally, there had been a strong disposition to view the transient as a man requiring 'casework techniques' and 'therapeutic treatment.' But some transients who stubbornly resisted the casework approach to rehabilitation emerged, under the more normal conditions of a work project, from sullen discouragement and inertia into highly effective workmen. There could be little doubt that what most of them needed was not casework but a job." (Harry Hopkins, Spending to Save, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1936, pp. 133-134)

It seems that some Americans who lived during the Great Depression--no doubt those who were spared the loss of a job--considered transient workers to be somewhat crazy. This is interesting because we see the exact same mentality today from those on the political right. They consider all homeless and unemployed Americans as suspect, for example, calling them "wild animals" and "lazy pigs," and demanding that they be drug-tested before receiving any government assistance. They have a naive belief that there are good-paying jobs for every American, as long as one works hard enough. Market failure? Job outsourcing? Recessions caused by multi-billion dollar bank frauds? These things mean nothing to the political right; to them, it's always the individual's fault.

So, who do you believe? Harry Hopkins? Or those who ignore corporate greed, corruption, and crime, and then gleefully point their accusatory fingers at the person who just received a pink slip?      

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 4: A Reply to Hoover

(Harry Hopkins, top right, watches as President Roosevelt prepares to cut into his birthday cake, January 1943. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

Herbert Hoover once claimed that the New Deal was leading the country towards fascism. WPA administrator Harry Hopkins responded by asking, "Is it dictatorship to try to operate a government for all the people and not just a few? Is it dictatorship to guarantee the deposits of small depositors, and keep phony stocks and bonds off the market? Is it dictatorship to save millions of homes from foreclosure? Is it dictatorship to give a measure of protection to millions who are economically insecure and jobs to other millions who can't find work? Is it dictatorship to try to put a floor under wages and a ceiling over working hours?" ("Hopkins denies relief waste in reply to Hoover on fascism," Washington Post, May 9, 1938.)

Like all political & social movements (e.g., conservatism, liberalism, libertarianism) fascism is complex, shares characteristics with other political movements, evolves over time, and is often contradictory. By the 1930s, fascism--which perhaps started as a less malevolent philosophy--had developed into a militaristic and racial movement, that viewed difference or weakness as rationale for subjugation or extermination. But, as Hopkins correctly pointed out, the New Deal was quite the opposite. It sought, among other things, to lift the downtrodden up and provide more economic opportunities for more people. Did it overreach sometimes? Perhaps. Was it fascism? Please.

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 3: Safety Pins and Dumb People

Above: WPA administrator Harry Hopkins visits Hallie Flanagan and her federal theatre actors in New York, 1936. Many people thought federal money for unemployed theatre workers was a waste of taxpayer dollars. Others despised the racial integration they saw in some of the performances. Still others thought that the WPA program, which included puppet shows for children and circus performances for the disabled, was a communist plot to take over the country. Conservative politicians--both Democrat and Republican--eagerly fueled this fear, hysteria, and irrational thought (much like they do today), and shut the program down in 1939. Photo courtesy of the National Archives and the New Deal Network.

Above: Disabled children enjoying a WPA circus performance in New York City, ca. 1936-1939. When conservatives shut the theatre program down, they "saved" these children from the "communist plot" of the circus clowns. And, no doubt, they thought the money would be better spent on tax-breaks-for-the-wealthy. You can see this same conservative philosophy today. For example, Republicans in Kansas have recently taken $9 million from their highly productive Children's Initiative Fund to preserve tax-breaks-for-the-wealthy. Photo courtesy of the National Archives and the New Deal Network.

One of the great character traits of Harry Hopkins was his fearlessness towards critics. Today, out of fear of political correctness, many politicians frequently backtrack on their statements, and many government administrators don't speak at all. There seems to be a sort of "hush hush, lest you lose your job" mentality. 

In April of 1935, Hopkins was asked to justify some federally-funded research projects, including a historical study of safety pins (probably funded through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration). He responded: "Why should I? There is nothing the matter with that. They are damn good projects - excellent projects... You know, some people make fun of people who speak a foreign language, and dumb people criticize something they do not understand, and that is what is going on up there, God damn it!... I have no apologies to make. As a matter of fact, we have not done enough..." (Henry H. Adams, Harry Hopkins: A Biography, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1977, p. 62).

Many people did not approve of Hopkins saying "dumb people." However, sometimes you have to fight fire with fire. Throughout the Great Depression, people scolded the unemployed as lazy-good-for-nothings, just like they do today. There was (and still is) a great tendency to lump all the jobless together, and then label them  "worthless." Harry Hopkins fought back against this discrimination and stereotyping throughout his years as a New Deal administrator. He thought it was dumb, so he said it was dumb.

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 2: Work vs. the Dole

(In this 1938 photograph, Harry Hopkins, head of the WPA, is urging Congress to increase the volume of federal work programs. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.)

During the New Deal, federal work programs for the unemployed (e.g., the CCC, CWA, and WPA) cost more money than direct cash relief; but Harry Hopkins, in 1936, highlighted one of the major advantages of these work programs over the so-called "dole":

"What would America have to show today for the millions it has spent on relief if that relief had been in the form of a non-productive dole? Nothing except an army of disheartened, disillusioned, and resentful unemployed people nursing their sense of frustration and despair" (June Hopkins, Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, p. 193).

Indeed, America still has much to show--over three-quarters of a century later--from the New Deal's federal work programs, e.g., bridges, parks, athletic fields, public pools, tennis courts, water lines, artwork, schools, and airports (see the Living New Deal for a sampling of what we still use & enjoy today). 

In modern times, unfortunately, we have chosen the dole over work programs. We offer the jobless unemployment benefits for a certain period of time (along with insults to their work ethic, and constant threats to terminate those benefits) and then we throw them to the wolves (a.k.a. the "job creators"). Meanwhile, our infrastructure falls apart. We could offer them public jobs after their unemployment benefits expire, but the super-wealthy don't like that idea too much (they prefer to have a large pool of desperate, unemployed, and financially devastated workers who are willing to work for peanuts). And, since the super-wealthy are the ones calling the shots these days, thanks to their out-of-control & democracy-destroying political spending (lobbyists, campaign contributions, and Lord knows what else), well, there ya go. 

So, let's summarize the difference: New Deal = jobs for the unemployed and massive infrastructure work, but modern policy = insults for the unemployed and crumbling infrastructure. And millions of voters are perfectly fine with this. Isn't that amazing? 

The recollections, and the wise & spirited words of Harry Hopkins - part 1: The CWA Fraternity

(Photo courtesy of the University of Maryland College Park Archives.)

In his book Spending to Save (1936), New Deal administrator Harry Hopkins recalled the Civil Works Administration (CWA, one of the early New Deal programs to offer jobs to the unemployed):

"The speed and volume of the work done that winter [1933-1934] produced a momentum which jolted the community. I believe CWA will stand out even when WPA has become past history, like a precocious child in a family of slower-going but more substantial children. For its special quality of having come and gone so quickly, yet having let loose great forces, both economic and spiritual, it shares certain of the memorable qualities of special events. A fraternity grew up among those who had worked in it, like the fraternity of a dramatic recruiting period...its old officers often recall those few months in which the people of the United States were galvanized to an unprecedented task and accomplished it. American communities had had a taste of what could be accomplished under a government program for the unemployed" (pp. 123-124).

In less than half-a-year, millions of CWA workers built, repaired, or improved 250,000 miles of roads, 40,000 schools, 2,200 miles of sewer lines, 3,700 playgrounds, and much more (see, e.g., Hopkins' book, pp. 120-122).

New Deal Art: Poughkeepsie Mural

Above: "Scene near Poughkeepsie, 1690," an oil painting by Gerald Sargent Foster (1900-1987), created while he participated in the New Deal's Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture, ca. 1939. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Flop House"

Above: "Flop House," a tempera on fiberboard by Edward Millman (1907-1964), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1937. Flophouses provided cheap living accommodations for transients, low-wage workers, and the homeless. A recent article on Alternet highlights the persistent problem of homelessness in America today, in places like New York, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon. Unfortunately, as long as millions of voters continue to vote for trickle-down economics (or don't vote at all) homelessness will never be solved. A few temporary improvements here and there, sure, but never a wide-scale, permanent solution. Corporate America has perfected the art of paying workers as little as possible, giving all the profits to owners, executives, and investors, and then describing the resulting mass income & wealth inequality as "freedom" and "entrepreneurship." And, by and large, the public has bought it. (See, "Number of Homeless Children in America Surges To All-Time High," Associated Press, Huffington Post, November 17, 2014). Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Indian Hunters and Rice Gatherers"

(Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.) 

Above: "Indian Hunters and Rice Gatherers," an oil painting by Margaret Martin, created while she participated in the New Deal's Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture, 1939. According to the Smithsonian's Luce Center, "Martin’s image reflects the sympathies of many WPA muralists, who openly expressed the need for images of Native Americans in their New Deal murals."

New Deal policymakers also had an interest in American Indians, using the CCC & WPA to offer them jobs, and passing the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 to halt the loss of their land, promote self-governance, and facilitate business opportunities. Compare that to today, where federal policymakers are doing very little to address the poverty, unemployment, and suicide occurring on reservations. As a former congressman said in 2014, "there is no sense of urgency by our country to do anything about it." During the New Deal, there was real action. Today, there are "hearings," "task force" investigations, and White House "challenges." In other words, hollow and low-cost gobbledygook that won't impinge on the tax breaks, tax loopholes, tax deductions, tax exemptions, tax shelters, tax havens, tax avoidance, tax evasion, tax gimmicks, and historically low tax rates enjoyed by our millionaires, billionaires, and multi-national corporations.

(See, "How Tax Evasion Is Fueling Inequality," New York Magazine, October 1, 2015, and "U.S. Missing Out to Corporate Tax Havens," CNN, November 10, 2015)

New Deal Art: "Low Tide"

Above: "Low Tide," a watercolor painting by Avery F. Johnson (1906-1990), created while he participated in the New Deal's Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture, ca. 1938. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Fish Cannery"

Above: "Fish Cannery," a water color and pencil on paper, by Carlus Dyer, created while he participated in the New Deal's Treasury Relief Art Project, 1937. Mr. Dyer was born in Springfield, Missouri, in 1917, and may still be alive today (see, e.g., here and here). If so, wouldn't it be great if someone did an oral history interview with him, focusing on his recollections of the New Deal art programs. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Miss Manchester's Musical Program for Homeless Men"

Above: "Miss Manchester's Musical Program for Homeless Men," a lithograph on paper by Elizabeth Olds (1896-1991), created while she participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936. Interesting biographical information on Olds can be found here and here. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Leonardo da Vinci"

Above: "Leonardo da Vinci," an oil painting by Dane Chanase (1894-1975), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Veterans Day and the G.I. Bill

Above: The back of this postage stamp reads, "...the G.I. Bill helped approximately 2.25 million war veterans attend college. Millions of other GIs received job training; home, business, and farm loans; and unemployment benefits." Image from personal collection.

 

Above: Many women served during World War II, both in the armed forces and the national defense industries. Image from personal collection.

 

Above: President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill on June 22, 1944. When he signed it, Roosevelt reiterated a point he had made during an earlier speech: "What our servicemen and women want, more than anything else, is the assurance of satisfactory employment upon their return to civil life. The first task after the war is to provide employment for them..." After the war, the policies & infrastructure that had been created by FDR and his colleagues--such as the G.I. Bill--helped the economy expand, the middle-class prosper, and the unemployment rate to remain consistently low. In recent years, with unemployment and suicide disproportionately affecting younger veterans and their families, we have to ask ourselves: Are we maintaining (and strengthening) the commitment to our veterans that FDR and Congress started during World War II? Or, are we allowing many veterans to struggle needlessly, in compliance to those who constantly push for government shutdowns, a reduction in social assistance programs, and tax cuts for the wealthy? Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.

New Deal Art: Nice, clean, and strong infrastructure vs. anti-infrastructure Republicans

(Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.) 

Not much is known about the painting above - not its title, not its maker, and not its exact year. However, the Smithsonian American Art Museum gives credit to the WPA's Federal Art Project in Iowa, and describes it as an "oil on canvas mounted on fiberboard." If it were up to me, I would simply call it "Infrastructure." The underpass, the perfectly paved road, the clean sidewalks & curbs, and the soft green hillsides all remind me of New Deal projects to improve and beautify America's infrastructure - infrastructure projects that numbered in the hundreds of thousands, and projects that we still use today (but, after 75 years of wear & tear, much of it needs repair or replacement). 

The painting is also somewhat sad, because it's a reminder of what we could have today, were it not for anti-infrastructure Republicans. Across the land, Republican and Tea Party politicians are decimating our infrastructure in service to right-wing millionaires & billionaires. In Congress, right-wing politicians have tried to use the highway bill to sic private debt collectors against us, to cut back on consumer protections, and to deregulate fraudulent banks. In Kansas, Republican Governor Sam Brownback has repeatedly dipped into his state's highway fund to subsidize tax breaks for the wealthy, thereby postponing or cancelling needed repairs. In South Carolina, Republican Governor Nikki Haley was too focused on trying to get poor people to pee into cups to be bothered with her state's infrastructure needs - a decision that ended up costing her state (and the rest of us, i.e., federal aid) billions of dollars in infrastructure damage (see here and here). Indeed, things are so bad that even a top Republican in Congress has scolded Republicans and Tea Partiers for not giving a damn about infrastructure.

And not giving a damn about infrastructure isn't just a matter of policy preferences, it's a matter of life and death. For example: "The federal Department of Transportation estimates that obsolete road designs and poor road conditions are a factor in about 14,000 highway deaths each year" ("Human Cost Rises as Old Bridges, Dams and Roads Go Unrepaired," New York Times, November 5, 2015). Yes, the Republican Party's neglect and hostility towards infrastructure spending is literally killing people - just like their hostility towards preventative health care for the poor is killing people. As one Harvard researcher noted, "Political decisions have consequences, some of them lethal." Yet, tens of millions of people still stand ready to vote for the likes of Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, Ben Carson, and other Republican presidential candidates who promise even more gargantuan tax cuts for the wealthy - candidates who have been described by a former Republican member of Congress as "nuts," "bonkers," "bizarre," and "out of their "f*cking minds."

Isn't that amazing? (Or is "horrifying" a better word?)

(A WPA road paving project on Loch Raven Boulevard in Baltimore, Maryland, 1936. New Deal policymakers & New Deal workers went to great effort to give us clean, smooth, and strong infrastructure. The WPA built, repaired, or improved 650,000 miles of roadway - enough roadwork to go around the planet 26 times. Photo courtesy of the University of Maryland College Park Archives.)

(Decades of Republican tax breaks for the rich have caused our infrastructure to crumble, earning us consistent "D" and "D+" letter grades from the American Society of Civil Engineers. Further, in a futile attempt to make up for declining federal contributions to infrastructure, the revenue burden is shifting downward, causing middle and low-income Americans to pay higher taxes, tolls, fees, fines, and utility rates at the state & local level. For example, the Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy recently reported that "Virtually every state tax system is fundamentally unfair, taking a much greater share of income from low- and middle-income families than from wealthy families." Photo by Brent McKee.)

The U.S. Travel Bureau, FDR's "Travel America Year," and the right to adequate recreation

(WPA poster, courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.)

On July 19, 1940, President Roosevelt signed legislation creating the U.S. Travel Bureau. The office actually had its origin in 1937 as the "Tourism Bureau," an office created for the National Park Service by U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes. But the legislation signed by FDR made the Travel Bureau a more firm fixture within the Department of the Interior, and thus more able to receive regular funding. The Travel Bureau's mission was to promote recreational travel within the United States, by both citizens and foreign tourists.

Roosevelt also declared 1940 to be the "Travel America Year." And he certainly had been making travel more pleasant in America - with the CCC creating or improving hundreds of parks and the WPA creating or improving hundreds of airports, many thousands of bridges, and 650,000 miles of roadway.

Recreation was always important to Roosevelt; so much so, that in 1944, during his Second Bill of Rights speech, he advocated for the right of all Americans to earn enough money for adequate recreation. Today, of course, America is being overtaken by free market fanatics who would declare such a right to be "government overreach" or "the nanny state" or "communism!" To the Free Marketeers, one must constantly work, work, work, and try to curry favor with billionaire owners & investors. Vacation? Recreation?? Bah humbug, that's socialist European stuff! (Of course, that mentality could be one of the reasons America has such high rates of obesity, diabetes, heart problems, stress, and suicide.)

The U.S. Travel Bureau appears to have been terminated sometime during fiscal year 1943, a victim of the war. I'm not sure if it was later revived, but there were subsequent tourism and travel agencies in the federal government, and at least one seems to have lasted into the mid-1990s. Ironically, in January 2012, President Obama called for "a national strategy to promote domestic and international travel opportunities throughout the United States." Hmm... maybe we should bring back the U.S. Travel Bureau?

Sources: (1) Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Interior, fiscal years 1937 through 1943. (2) Perry H. Merrill, "Roosevelt's Forest Amy: A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942," 1981. (3) Federal Works Agency, "Final Report on the WPA Program, 1935-1943," 1946. 

New Deal Art: "Automobile Accident"

Above: "Automobile Accident," an oil painting by Howard Taft Lorenz (1906-1956), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "CCC Camp Balboa Park"

Above: "CCC Camp Balboa Park," an idyllic oil painting by Josephine Joy (1869-1948), created while she participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, ca. 1935-1937. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: An Enchanted Forest

Above: This oil painting doesn't have a title (or, its title has been forgotten), but it seems like an enchanted forest to me. It was painted by Gustavo Cenci (1897-1982), while he was in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

New Deal Art: "Artists on WPA"

Above: "Artists on WPA," an oil painting by Moses Soyer (1899-1974), created while he participated in the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1935. You can read a brief biography of Soyer here. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.